Our latest report highlights various areas for improvement at a time when the Welsh Government has been considering changes to environmental law.

In 2015, the Welsh Government’s Nature Recovery Action Plan (NRAP) recognised Wales was far from reaching national and international biodiversity goals. Data now shows that Welsh wildlife decreased on average by 20% between 1994 and 2023. And around 1 in 6 Welsh species were at risk of extinction in 2023.

The Environment (Wales) Act 2016 aims to reverse the decline in biodiversity. Among other things, it places an enhanced biodiversity and resilience of ecosystems duty on public authorities. The Senedd has since declared a nature emergency and the Welsh Government has said it will embed its response to the climate and nature emergency in everything it does.

More than eight years since the duty came into force, we found that nearly half of public authorities covered by our work have not complied with the requirement to both prepare and publish a biodiversity plan. And approaches to planning vary widely. Around a quarter of public authorities have never produced a biodiversity report. This is despite the Welsh Government providing reporting guidance and an optional template.

We also found that the Welsh Government has not complied with its own planning requirement, is not effectively monitoring public authorities’ compliance, and is currently unable to assess the overall impact of the duty on biodiversity decline. Meanwhile, weaknesses in the Act and its guidance leave their coverage and intent open to interpretation.

Our report acknowledges examples of efforts to integrate biodiversity and nature ambitions with wider policies. And public authorities provided positive feedback on aspects of national strategic leadership. The Welsh Government has also provided various funding streams that support biodiversity action. These include around £120 million over recent years for the Local Places for Nature and Nature Networks programmes. Nevertheless, there has been far less national focus on biodiversity than on decarbonisation.

We highlight various areas for improvement. Several of these issues have not been addressed fully since being highlighted in a 2021 evaluation. They include uncertainty about which public authorities are covered by the duty, and the need to strengthen Welsh Government guidance and monitoring. Our recommendations relate mainly to the current duty. However, we recognise that the Welsh Government will need to consider its actions alongside its proposals to change environmental law.